High-Speed Railways in Russia

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'''Russian: [http://scm.gsom.spbu.ru/%D0%A0%D0%96%D0%944_%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8 РЖД4 Высокоскоростные магистрали в России]'''
'''Russian: [http://scm.gsom.spbu.ru/%D0%A0%D0%96%D0%944_%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8 РЖД4 Высокоскоростные магистрали в России]'''
[[File:Sapsan.jpg|thumb|300px|Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways]]
[[File:Sapsan.jpg|thumb|300px|Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways]]
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High-speed railways (HSR) are emerging in Russia. The Programme to Develop Fast and High-Speed Rail Travel on Russia’s Railways to 2020 was launched in 2006<ref>RZD. ''High-speed trains'' (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4054</ref>. The aim of the programme is to raise the speed of Russian passenger trains and to improve the quality and service of passenger trains. This is necessary to meet the expected increase in competition from air and automobile transport. The plan has three sets of measures:
+
High-speed railways (HSR) are emerging in Russia. The Programme to Develop Fast and High-Speed Rail Travel on Russia’s Railways to 2020 was launched in 2006<ref>RZD. ''High-speed trains'' (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4054</ref>. The aim of the programme is to raise the speed of Russian passenger trains and to improve the quality and service of passenger trains. This is crucial to stand the harsh competition from air and automobile transport. The plan has three sets of measures:
*To increase the speed of long-distance passenger trains on journeys of more than 700 km to 70-90 km/h (routes served by trains with sleeping cars)
*To increase the speed of long-distance passenger trains on journeys of more than 700 km to 70-90 km/h (routes served by trains with sleeping cars)
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==JSC "RZD" Russian Railways==
==JSC "RZD" Russian Railways==
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The Russian Railways (RZD or RZhD) (Russian: Rossiyskie zhelesnye dorogi), is the national, state owned railway company in Russia. RZD is organized as an Open Join-Stock Company (Russian: otkrytoje akzionernoje obsjtsjestvo, abbreviated OAO). The company is among the biggest railway companies in the world with more than 1.3 million employees <ref>RZD. ''FAQ Social Policy'' (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?layer_id=3290&STRUCTURE_ID=4119&id=2225</ref>
+
The Russian Railways (RZD or RZhD) (Russian: Rossiyskie zhelesnye dorogi), is the national, state-owned railway company in Russia. RZD is organized as an Open Join-Stock Company (Russian: otkrytoje akzionernoje obsjtsjestvo, abbreviated OAO). The company is among the biggest railway companies in the world with more than 1.3 million employees <ref>RZD. ''FAQ Social Policy'' (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?layer_id=3290&STRUCTURE_ID=4119&id=2225</ref>
, and is the biggest employer in Russia second to the State. The company is a monopolist in Russia. The headquarters are situated in Moscow. The total lenght of the railway network is 85,200 km, which makes it the second biggest network in the world (after USA)<ref>Federal State Statistics Service. ''Operational length on railway'' (2008),
, and is the biggest employer in Russia second to the State. The company is a monopolist in Russia. The headquarters are situated in Moscow. The total lenght of the railway network is 85,200 km, which makes it the second biggest network in the world (after USA)<ref>Federal State Statistics Service. ''Operational length on railway'' (2008),
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/03-01.htm</ref>
http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/03-01.htm</ref>
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===JSC High-Speed Rail Lines===
===JSC High-Speed Rail Lines===
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JSC High-speed Rail Lines (Russian: Skorostnie Magistrali) is an associated company of RZD that is dedicated to the realization of the development of high-speed rail lines projects in Russia<ref>RZD HSRail. ''About'' (2011), http://www.eng.hsrail.ru/about/</ref>. Currently the company’s main project is the HSR 1 project; to build a new separate high-speed railway line between Saint-Petersburg and Moscow.
+
JSC High-speed Rail Lines (Russian: Skorostnie Magistrali) is an associated company of RZD that is dedicated to developping high-speed rail lines in Russia<ref>RZD HSRail. ''About'' (2011), http://www.eng.hsrail.ru/about/</ref>. Currently the company’s main project is the HSR 1 project; to build a new separate high-speed railway line between Saint-Petersburg and Moscow.
==Railway Structural Reform Programme==
==Railway Structural Reform Programme==

Revision as of 04:11, 15 December 2011

Russian: РЖД4 Высокоскоростные магистрали в России

Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways

High-speed railways (HSR) are emerging in Russia. The Programme to Develop Fast and High-Speed Rail Travel on Russia’s Railways to 2020 was launched in 2006[1]. The aim of the programme is to raise the speed of Russian passenger trains and to improve the quality and service of passenger trains. This is crucial to stand the harsh competition from air and automobile transport. The plan has three sets of measures:

  • To increase the speed of long-distance passenger trains on journeys of more than 700 km to 70-90 km/h (routes served by trains with sleeping cars)
  • To organize fast rail services between the major regional centers where the journey time does not exceed 7 hours (routes served by fast trains that travel between 160 km/h and 200 km/h)
  • To organize high-speed rail tracks between Saint-Petersburg and Moscow and between Moscow and Adler (routes served by high-speed trains that can reach speeds of up to 350 km/h)

Currently there are two operating fast rail services in Russia. These are Sapsan which operates between Saint-Petersburg, Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod, and Allegro which operates between Saint-Petersburg and Helsinki.

Contents

JSC "RZD" Russian Railways

The Russian Railways (RZD or RZhD) (Russian: Rossiyskie zhelesnye dorogi), is the national, state-owned railway company in Russia. RZD is organized as an Open Join-Stock Company (Russian: otkrytoje akzionernoje obsjtsjestvo, abbreviated OAO). The company is among the biggest railway companies in the world with more than 1.3 million employees [2] , and is the biggest employer in Russia second to the State. The company is a monopolist in Russia. The headquarters are situated in Moscow. The total lenght of the railway network is 85,200 km, which makes it the second biggest network in the world (after USA)[3]

RZD is responsible for 42.3 % of Russia’s total freight traffic (including pipelines) and more than 32.7 % of the passenger traffic. The company possesses assets worth more than 3,190 billion roubles. RZD is the fourth largest company in Russia by revenue with over 1195 billion roubles (2010). RZD’s rolling stock includes more than 20,000 goods and passenger locomotives and more than 1,026,000 goods wagons.

RZD plays a vital role in the Russian federation, due to the country’s huge territory, harsh climate and limited highway construction. A developed and well-functioning railway system is decisive for the future prosperity of the country. The rails connect 81 of Russia’s 83 regions including most of the major cities.

JSC High-Speed Rail Lines

JSC High-speed Rail Lines (Russian: Skorostnie Magistrali) is an associated company of RZD that is dedicated to developping high-speed rail lines in Russia[4]. Currently the company’s main project is the HSR 1 project; to build a new separate high-speed railway line between Saint-Petersburg and Moscow.

Railway Structural Reform Programme

A structured reform program for the rail transport sector was introduced in 2001[5], setting out strategic priorities for the rail industry. The program was developed by representatives of the railway sector and other ministries and agencies affected, as well as consultants from Arthur Andersen and McKinsey. The rail transport development strategy to 2030 also envisages the development of rapid and high-speed rail travel in Russia. RZD is focused on utilizing Russia’s geographical position by fully integrating the Russian railway system into the Eurasian transport network. The aim of the program is to improve the efficiency and profitability of rail services in Russia and to drive modernization through investments. The program also prepare for competition from private rail operators through partial privatization of RZD and some of its enterprises.

The history of high-speed train construction in USSR and Russia

Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways

In USSR the first high-speed train “Avrora” was servicing the Leningrad – Moscow line in 1960s. This train was in operation in the day-time and was as fast as 160 km/h at some points. A further speed increase was difficult to achieve due to a dense commuter and freight traffic. A research conducted in 1969 – 1974 had show that in order to increase the efficiency of transportation a line specialization had to be introduced.

In 1974 the Riga wagon plant manufactured the ER200 electric train, capable of going at 200 km/h. The successful testing was finished in two years only, however the train was not used on a regular basis for 8 years because to fit ER200 one had to change the schedule too frequently. In 1984 ER200 began servicing the Leningrad – Moscow line weekly. It covered the distance of 650 km in 4 h 38 min, running at 200 km/h at only 10% of the way. Such inefficient performance was explained by the fact that an increase in the number of high-speed line sections would result in a need to cancel 12 pairs of other trains. In 2009 when RZD acquired a modern Sapsan train the ER200 ceased to exist.

High-speed train development continued after the collapse of the USSR. In an academic paper “An integrated study of the eco-friendly high-speed transport” (1990) the following benefits were outlined: high profitability, efficiency, safety and the lowest, compared to other means of transport, impact on the environment. Russian high-speed train engineers were heavily relying on foreign experience, however no project was completed and they had hard luck.

In 1997 the Kolomna plant finished the manufacturing of two electric locomotives EP200. They were made to run at 200 km/h. Both had to undergo some follow-up work, but in 2009 they were sent back to the plant and written off. The absence of a microprocessor-based controlling system and adequate software was one of the key shortcomings of these trains.

The second project was under construction during seven years. The Sokol electric train was created by a group of Russian companies. The pilot model was finalized in 2000 and could run at 250 km/h. Yet the regular usage of this train could not be started because a special committee had found many things in it that could disturb the traffic safety. The Sokol had to undergo some follow-up work as well. After 2002 the project stopped receiving financing and the train was moved to an educational institution where it serves as a training aid. One of the reasons why the project was stopped is the fact that Sokol required additional time and financing to organize the servicing while foreign companies offered trains together with a fitting system. The cost of Sokol was, according to various estimates, between $32.5 and $75 ml.

One has to take into account the fact that the reasons of Russian high-speed train development projects failure lie not only in the lack of financing and planning mistakes, but also in the general state of railroads. To make Sapsan run at its full speed one would have to redo the whole line between Saint-Petersburg and Moscow. Russian engineers are faced with this problem as well.

Sapsan

High-speed train "Sapsan" was developed by Siemens taking into account Russian pecularities. The train can operate at ambient temperature of minus 50 degrees, and its salon is almost 30 cm wider than the standard European one.

Initially,RZD and Siemens executives signed an agreement on joint development and production of 60 electric trains, the amount of the contract was estimated at € 1,5 billion. Trains were supposed to be manufactured in Russia on a specially created joint enterprise.

After some changes in RZD management contract terms were also changed. By May 2006, the number of trains to be baught was reduced to 8, while total sum of the contract only fell to € 600 million. The idea of producing trains in Russia was rejected at all[6][7].

The project "Sapsan" was launched in December 2009, when the regular traffic on the line St. Petersburg-Moscow started. In this regard, the schedule of other trains operating on the Main October Railway was changed, operation of budget day train 23/24 and a number of suburban trains was stopped. This cancellation left inhabitants of Tver and Novgorod region without day railway communication with St. Petersburg and Moscow. After receiving some complaints additional stops were added to the routes of other trains in these regions.

In July 2010 the first high-speed train on the route Nizhny Novgorod-Moscow-St. Petersburg was launched. In September 2011 it was reported that the trains 173/174 and 175/176 on the route St.Petersburg - Nizhny Novgorod would stop running from the end of October 2011. Officially It was explained by the technical impossibility to receive two high-speed trains at the Kursk station in Moscow simultaneously[8]. However, experts agree that the cancellation of the train is linked with the low passenger traffic, the cause of which lies in the mistakes of the company's management[9]. Some experts also believe that the launch of the train "Sapsan" in this area is explained solely by a desire to improve the image of the company OAO "RZD", as the train "Burevestnik" has enough high technical characteristics to run with similar speed. However the ticket price was not higher than 500 rubles, which is three times loweer than that for "Sapsan" ticket. Moreover, after the "Sapsan" train was launched "Burevestnik" was moved into the category of high-speed trains and cost of the tickets was increased to approximately 1000 rubles.

For the first six months of operation 5 people died under the wheels of Sapsan train. Accidents are explained by the reduction of number of crossings over the railway line which was caused by the launch of high-speed trains and the inability to notice the approaching train from a distance because of its low noise[10].

Other issues related to the operation of train are explained by the fact that it runs on the same railway tracks as other trains. In order to solve these problems, it was decisided to buildh first in Russia specialized railway highway Moscow - St. Petersburg. The speed of trains on the new highway will reach 400km/h. Construction completion is scheduled for 2017[11].

Allegro

Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways

The project of high-speed trains for the route Saint Petersburg – Helsinki was run in December 2010 under the governance of the joint Russian-Finnish venture Oy Karelian Trans LTD. The company is owned by JSC «RZD» (50%)[12] and Finnish state company VR-Yhtyma Oy (50%) . Implementation of this project enabled to reduce the route time between Saint Petersburg and Helsinki from 6,3 by 3,5 hours.[13] From the project launch and up to the current moment Allegro trains carried more than 300 000 passengers.[14]

By the project launch, in contrast to that of Sapsan, the existing traffic load of suburban electric trains and freight trains on the main line was taken into account (no cancellations of the ordinary trips were done). However, analytics consider that RZD should refuse both projects (Allegro and Sapsan) as they use the lines of ordinary passenger and freight transportation routes.[15] The alternative is to construct separate high-speed lines. The company’s representatives state that RZD prepares currently tender selection for construction of a separate high-speed line for «Sapsan» trains . However, RZD does not have similar plans for the Allegro project as it requires a lot of investments, but the demand for Allegro’s route is much lower than that for «Sapsan» trains, which serve the main Russian route (Moscow – Saint Petersburg).

At the same time, Allegro project is quite successful and demanded. It was not without reason that since May 2011 the number of «Allegro» trains’ trips has been doubled (by 4 trips in each direction daily) .

In August 2011 RZD’s top management brought up the question of extension of Allegro’s serving route to Moscow[16]. However, as a result of joint discussions the Finnish partners refused this proposal. Mostly it was related with the fact that the route Moscow – Saint Petersburg was more demanded and the profits of the joint Russian –Finnish venture were distributed according to the number of transported passengers within each of the both countries . In other words, the Finnish side was afraid that the greater part of places would be taken by the passengers of the Moscow – Saint Petersburg sector and the Russian side of the joint venture would earn higher profits. Besides that, there was one more reason why this project would hardly be implemented. The case was that high-speed traffic of Allegro trains in Russia was tested and certified only for the sector Saint Petersburg – Buslovskaja (the frontier station of Russia and Finland) . The testing and certification of an additional sector would require investments and a lot of time.

It should be mentioned that the project «Allegro» and the development of high-speed railway communication between Russia (Saint Petersburg) and Finland (Helsinki) plays a significant role in the integration of Russia into the European community of countries. The government of the Leningrad Region and the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs plan to establish a simplified system of visa receipt on the base of this project. Moreover, the Finnish Ministry of Foreign Affairs has made the decision to permit Russians going to Finland by «Allegro» trains to stay there for 3 days without visa[17].

Future plans of Russian Railways

Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways

On 17 June 2008, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed the Strategy for Developing Rail Transport to 2030. It was a ratification of the previous plan that was aiming to develop Fast and High-Speed Rail Travel on Russia’s Railways before 2020. One of the key tasks within this program is the development of fast (up to 160 km/h) and high-speed (up 350 km/h) passenger rail travel. RZD investment and development plan extended to 2030 is estimated in 450 Billion USD that will have been invested by then.

The strategy is divided into two steps:

2008-2015 - an innovative step

  • Rapid modernization of rolling stock
  • An increment of the lower speed limits to 60 km/h
  • An increase of speed in passenger carriages by 15 km/h
  • Construction of 3200 km of railways

2016-2030 - the dynamic expansion of the railway networ

  • The construction of 22 300 km of railways
  • An increase in container transit up to 1 million containers per year. (ibid)

The main tasks of the strategy that have to be achieved by the deadline are the following:

  • The manufacture of a new generation of fast and high-speed rolling stock
  • Choosing the routes for fast and high-speed trains
  • Ensuring fast and high-speed travel on the key priority routes in Russia
  • Creating the technical equipment to run fast and high-speed trains
  • Training staff to work with fast and high-speed trains

The program will be developed according to the three main objectives:

1. Increasing the speed of long-distance passenger trains on journeys of more than 700km to 70-90km/hr. These routes will be served by passenger carriages with sleeping places.

2. Organising fast rail services after the reconstruction of existing lines between major regional centers, where the journey time does not exceed 7 hours, using fast trains that travel between 160 km/hr and 200 km/hr.

Main routes include:

  • St Petersburg– Helsinki (Finland)
  • Moscow – Smolensk – Krasnoe
  • Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod
  • Moscow – Kursk
  • Moscow – Voronezh
  • Moscow – Kaluga – Bryansk – Suzemka
  • Moscow – Yaroslavl
  • Rostov– Krasnodar
  • Rostov– Mineralnye Vody
  • Krasnodar – Mineralnye Vody
  • Novosibirsk – Omsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo, Barnaul, Novokuznetsk
  • Ekaterinburg – Chelyabinsk
  • Samara – Saransk, Penza, Saratov
  • Saratov – Volgograd
  • Saratov – Michurinsk

The priority will have those cities that will host the World Cup Tournament in 2018. First of all the country would invest in a high speed rail system by promising a line that would connect Moscow, Kazan, Samara, and Ulyanovsk. The first step will be a new high-speed link between Moscow and Ekaterinburg in the Central Urals. The 1600km journey currently takes at least 25 hours by train and by 2018 it could be down to just seven. The investment in this project will represent approximately 1, 46 trillion rubles in total. As another fact to add, Moscow- Ekaterinburg line will connect nine federal districts and have the potential to contribute to regional development and boost economic activity[18] .

According to the 2030 strategy, over the next two decades, the amount of high-speed rail track in Russia will grow almost 17 times over – from the current 650km to 10,887km. Additionally, on a range of routes there are plans to build additional tracks to serve normal cargo, passenger and suburban trains, leaving special lines that are meant specially to serve fast trains. The development of fast and high-speed transport requires major technical and financial resources, renewal and changes in rail infrastructure, creating automatic control systems and broadening the centralised control rooms.

Russia does not have the resources or experience to build the project on its own, so it will be looking for foreign partners. Tenders will go out in 2012, and there's already been interest from Europe and Asia.

3. Organising high-speed rail tracks on which trains can reach speeds of up to 350 km/hr:[19]

  • St Petersburg – Moscow
  • Moscow – Adler

Regarding the plans to link Moscow with Russia's second city St Petersburg the boss of the Russian Railways high speed subsidiary Denis Muratov stated: “We are planning to built 659 km high-speed rail from Moscow to St. Petersburg with the capacity to speed up to 400 km/h.”[20] The company will invest 73 billion rubles in this activity. The high-speed rail lines are planned to pay back in 30 years time and generate 3.8 trillion rubles of the socio-economic effect.

Russian railways facilities for Sochi 2014

Source: JSC “RZD” Russian Railways

The Russian federation Government has invited RZD to design and build facilities for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and the XI Paralympics Winter Games 2014 in Sochi.

The first facility in the Government program of construction in Sochi to be put into operation was the Russian Railways Cargo Yards. The two Yards can handle 14, 710, 000 tons of cargo a year which is sufficient to supply all the Olympic facilities under construction with the necessary materials.

The major Russian Railways project is a combined 48 km highway and railroad linking Adler, Olympic Park and Krasnaya Polyana. The new high-speed mountain line will run through 11 tunnels and across bridges and viaducts of a total length of 37 km. The combined road will take competitors and spectators to the Olympic and Paralympics’ sites. Lastochki “Swallows” are new comfortable electric trains by the Russian railways that will carry competitors and spectators at the Games. The trains have special seats for the disabled, wide racks, and indicator boards. The journey from Adler to Krasnaya Polyana will take less than half an hour.

New track sections are planned for increasing the passenger capacity of the Tuapse – Adler line. Additional 30 km of track will be built over a distance of 103 km. This will increase the line’s capacity from 54 pairs of trains in 2008 to 70 pairs in 2011. The journey time will be reduced by 50 minutes.

The new Sochi- Adler- Sochi Airport railroad line, which is being constructed by the Russian Railways, will relieve the pressure on the road and carry passengers to the city quickly and comfortably. 60% of all those arriving by air for the Olympic Games will travel to the city by rail.

The handling capacity of railroad stations will be substantially increased by 2014. In Sochi it will double – to 25,000 passengers an hour, and in Adler it will increase by five times – to 20,000 passengers an hour. [21]

References

  1. RZD. High-speed trains (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4054
  2. RZD. FAQ Social Policy (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?layer_id=3290&STRUCTURE_ID=4119&id=2225
  3. Federal State Statistics Service. Operational length on railway (2008), http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/B09_55/IssWWW.exe/Stg/03-01.htm
  4. RZD HSRail. About (2011), http://www.eng.hsrail.ru/about/
  5. RZD. Reform (2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=23
  6. Приложение к газете "Коммерсантъ", №239 (4294), Железные дороги набирают скорость(22.12.2009), http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1292160
  7. Транспорт № 01-02, ‘’Скорость и радость’’(2010), http://www.indpg.ru/transport/2010/01-02/29800.html
  8. Пресс-релиз ОАО “РЖД” , “С вводом зимнего графика движения поездов ОАО "РЖД" изменит расписание поездов "Сапсан"(20.09.2011), http://press.rzd.ru/isvp/public/press?STRUCTURE_ID=654&layer_id=4069&refererLayerId=3307&date_begin=&date_end=&id=77976
  9. www.km.ru, “РЖД отменит рейсы «Сапсана» из Санкт-Петербурга в Нижний Новгород(20.09.2011), http://www.km.ru/turizm/2011/09/20/oao-rossiiskie-zheleznye-dorogi/rzhd-otmenit-reisy-sapsana-iz-sankt-peterburga-v-n
  10. Росбалт, “Жертвами “Сапсана” cтали от 3 до 7 человек”(15.04.2010),http://www.rosbalt.ru/piter/2010/04/15/728781.html
  11. www.lenta.ru, “Назван срок строительства новой железной дороги Москва-Петербург”(28.01.2011),http://lenta.ru/news/2011/01/28/sixyears/
  12. Информационный портал РЖД-Партнер. Финляндия выступает против продления маршрута скоростного поезда "Аллегро" до Москвы (2011), http://www.rzd-partner.ru/news/2011/10/26/370713.html
  13. РИА Новости. РЖД в 2 раза увеличивает число рейсов Allegro в направлении Хельсинки (2011), http://ria.ru/society/20110407/361922515.html
  14. Информационный портал РЖД-Партнер. Поездами «Аллегро» за год перевезено более 300 тыс. пассажиров (2011), http://www.rzd-partner.ru/news/2011/12/12/372115.html
  15. Business FM. РЖД рекомендуют отказаться от «Сапсана» и «Аллегро» (2011), http://businessfm.bfm.ru/news/2011/12/13/rzhd-rekomendujut-otkazatsja-ot-sapsana-i-allegro.html
  16. Информационный портал РЖД-Партнер. РЖД планируют развить маршрут движения поезда Allegro до Москвы с заходом на Ладожский вокзал Петербурга (2011), http://www.rzd-partner.ru/news/2011/08/03/368189.html
  17. Информационный портал Dosr.ru. Билет на поезд Аллегро заменит трехдневную визу (2011), http://www.dost.ru/news/oid_11597734-6bdb-4c15-9175-a6474cf08cc5
  18. RZD. Technologieshub für Russische Bahn (2011), http://www.wirtschaftsblatt.at/archiv/technologieschub-fuer-russische-bahn-476725/index.do
  19. RZD. High-speed trains(2011), http://eng.rzd.ru/isvp/public/rzdeng?STRUCTURE_ID=4054
  20. RZD. Russian Railways gathering speed(2011), http://rt.com/business/news/rzhd-high-speed-train-241/
  21. RZD. Gateway to the future: Sochi 2014
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